Employee Compensation and Benefits Essay

Dark Corporation, an inventive new innovation organization, has quite recently recruited John as the executive of their Human Resources Department. As HR Director, John has been entrusted with recruiting an Administrative Assistant/Secretary for the publicizing office and to build up a representative pay and advantages bundle that will be utilized for that position upon employ. He should expand on Black Corporation and the kind of association for which he is planning the bundle and build up a representative remuneration and advantages bundle for this new position. He should have the option to help his thoughts the pay/benefits bundle. This is the first occasion when that John has had the undertaking of employing for Black Corporation and he will require quality assets to help him to guarantee that he can make the procedure as smooth and viable as could be expected under the circumstances. What kind of Organization is Black Corporation? In any case, John has as of late been employed by Black Corporation as the executive of their HR division. John has may long stretches of HR experience and is likewise an ensured Senior Professional in Human assets. BC is a pristine expansion to the innovation business, which has quite recently presented an imaginative specialized gadget called the Talk Tablet. This gadget is a cell phone that is likewise a tablet that can be utilized for Internet get to and application buys. The head of Advertising, Mary, is propelling a multi million dollar advertisement battle and needs an Administrative Assistant/Secretary to help her. Albeit BC has been open for not exactly a year they have built up their stake in the business with their capacity to upgrade current items and out sell a significant number of its rivals. They are additionally known for representative fulfillment. BC considers its workers their most noteworthy resource and offers superb advantages and remuneration. They are an exce ptionally serious manager; in this way their workers are totally experienced experts in their specialized topic. The Administrative Assistant/Secretary Compensation Package Next, John needs to build up the pay/benefits bundle for his fresh recruit Elizabeth. Concurring to BLS.gov the middle compensation in 2012 (the most refreshed revealing) for an AA/Secretary is $35,330 or $16.99 every hour. (â€Å"Secretaries and Administrative Assistants,† 2014) BC highly esteems recruiting and holding the best of the best in the entirety of the zones they utilize. They will pay Elizabeth a base pay of $61,000, because of her involvement with this industry and position, and her exhibition will be assessed in 90 days for a remuneration increment. The base pay for a section level AA/Secretary will be $51,000. This is $975 more than one of their rivals Apple Inc., as per Glassdoor.com (â€Å"Apple AA hourly pay,† 2014) Additionally John will choose the advantages bundle. Susan Hatchfield, the executives and association improvement expert, who represents considerable authority in HR, clarifies t hat â€Å"health protection is the establishment of an extensive worker benefits bundle. Medical coverage is the favored worker advantage of most of individuals who work. [†¦] No extensive representative advantages bundle would be finished without boss took care of time from work. [†¦] Short-term inability protection guarantees that a representative will in any case get a level of salary on the off chance that they can't work because of infection or a handicapping injury. [†¦] Long-term care is a protection strategy that shields a representative from loss of salary if the person can't work because of ailment, injury, or mishap for a significant stretch of time. [†¦] Various dental protection plans are accessible for businesses to offer as a feature of a far reaching worker benefits bundle. [†¦] Vision protection is a lower cost expansion to a far reaching worker benefits bundle that is given by bosses. [†¦] Life protection is an acknowledged part in a thorough representative advantages bundle. [†¦]† (Heathfield, 2014, para. 6) All of these advantages will be the reason for the bundle for the Administrative Assi stant/Secretary. Wellbeing, dental and vision protections will be seriously estimated with BC covering most of the premiums. The present moment and long haul protection and a fundamental disaster protection strategy will be given to the workers at no extra expense. BC will likewise give a 401(k) speculation alternative to permit workers to put resources into their retirement with a 7% match to all ventures. They will likewise permit a representative investment opportunity with the improved profits of the organization. She will be given taken care of time on a layered scale, a month in any case just as a multi day increment at regular intervals with a limit of about a month and a half. Every single significant occasions willâ also be paid with extra days off for some chosen occasions. The bundle will incorporate 12 pressure/days off every year. Elizabeth has been an AA/Secretary for the Advertising chief with Google for a long time and is eager to make the progress to Black Corporation. Google is the fantasy gig for some, youthful expert as indicated by an overview led by CBS News. Amy Levin-Epstein, of CBS News’s Money Watch reports that Google offers â€Å"a standard bundle of incidental advantages, yet on that are top notch feasting offices, exercise centers, pantries, rub rooms, hair styles, carwashes, cleaning, driving transports †pretty much anything a dedicated worker may want.† (LEVIN-EPSTEIN, 2011, para. 2) They significantly offer free brew. In light of this, John needs to build up a bundle that can offer a portion of the extraordinary incidental advantages that Elizabeth is utilized to. Albeit BC is a genuinely new organization they have put resources into a best in class office, and they have done their examination. They consolidated the entirety of the comforts that Google offers just as on location preparing offices and the choice to go to class nearby to procure affirmations and degrees. Taking everything into account, John has finished his undertaking. He has recruited Elizabeth as the Administrative Assistant/Secretary for Mary and he has built up a pay bundle for the AA/Secretaries of Black Corporation. Elizabeth will begin after she presents her fourteen days notice. References Apple Administrative Assistant Hourly Pay. (2014). Recovered from http://www.glassdoor.com/Hourly-Pay/Apple-Administrative-Assistant-Hourly-Pay-E1138_D_KO6,30.htm Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Branch of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2014-15 Edition, Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, †¨on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/ooh/office-and-authoritative help/secretaries-and-regulatory assistants.htm (visited June 16, 2014). Heathfield, S. (2014). What’s In a Comprehensive Employee Benefits Package? Recovered from http://humanresources.about.com/od/pay structure/tp/worker benefits-package.htm LEVIN-EPSTEIN, A. (2011). Google Job Perks: Top 10 Reasons We Want to Work There. Recovered from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/google-work advantages top-10-reasons-we-need to-work-there/

The Film American Beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Film American Beauty - Essay Example The philosophical thought of excellence Since the beginning of Greek way of thinking around 427 B.C., the topic of what is magnificence has been inquired. What's more, in the natural yet grand conversation of the Dialogs, Plato describes how his educator Socrates attracts them to understand that magnificence isn't just what is reasonable in physical structure -, for example, of a face, hands or different pieces of the body - yet in addition what is reasonable or acceptable in discourse and information. â€Å"Is not the great likewise the beautiful,† says Socrates (Jowett Translation 204). Aside based on what is promptly comprehended, Socrates talks in progressively enchanted terms as he shows examination as a psychological look to see â€Å" the very pith of excellence itself, everlasting not developing and rotting, or waxing or melting away. . . which whenever observed one would look and be with, delivering and sustaining genuine virtue† (118). The vision of Socrates on supreme excellence isn't what is ordinarily thought about the excellent things in regular daily existence. Conventionally, magnificence is alluded to regarding bid or exquisiteness mostly of the physical structure, frequently enough of ladies. It would along these lines be fascinating to be explained on what Socrates implies by obvious, basic and perfect magnificence which â€Å"when under obligation with the eye of the psyche empowers one to acknowledge real factors past pictures or physical structure. The film American Beauty may simply have a practically identical thought regarding total magnificence. What American Beauty is In the film American Beauty, the possibility of magnificence or the great is epitomized by the fundamental characters. Satisfying his optimal of the military help, Col. Fitts of the Marine Corps thinks military-like power and order is acceptable or wonderful for his family. He along these lines stifled his own significant other to fu ll compliance and his child Ricky to apparently viewing him as a good example and war saint. Nearby neighbors are the Burnhams with Caroline Burnham boldly representing the magnificence of America’s financial futile daily existence which has transformed her into a wild contender to the detriment of her significant other Lester, who has gotten to a lesser extent a spouse and all the more a risk in her life. The high school Angela Hayes exemplifies the youthful American magnificence, fixated on the requirement for consideration and prevalence among classmates. Her closest companion Jane, girl of Lester and Carol Burnham, has become the sounding board to her steady longing for idolization and her ceaseless should be somebody unique and not standard in school. Integral to the film, in any case, isn't Angela, however Lester Burnham. The film streams with his off-cam account and sensational answers for illuminate a middle-age emergency and find the great and wonderful throughout ev eryday life. Intently helping him as he continued looking for life’s importance is the youthful Ricky Fitts who acquainted him with life space through medications until Lester’s life was stopped by an assailant’s weapon, that of Ricky’s own dad Col Fitts. The changed articles which showed up great or excellent to the movie’s characters seem to make the totality out of magnificence in the American lifestyle - authority drawn from soldiery for Col. Fritts, drive for progress to the detriment of family for Carolyn, scan forever space for Lester Burnham, ubiquity and consideration for the unreliable Angela, and the twofold existence of order and-medications for the youthful Ricky Fitts. Who is the American Beauty It is anything but difficult to state that Angela Hayes, the object of a transient fascination of Lester Burnham is

IPCC Scholarship Programme COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

IPCC Scholarship Programme COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Our office was recently notified of a scholarship opportunity for applicants from developing countries.   The deadline is July 31st so the time line is a bit tight, however if after reading the information below you are interested this sounds like a great opportunity.   The following comes from the IPCC Web site. ___________________________ The IPCC Scholarship Programme is targeting the most vulnerable regions of the world where the IPCC has identified gaps in knowledge in terms of climate change science and impacts. These comprise developing countries, and in particular Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States. Therefore applications coming from scholars from these areas and addressing issues relevant to them will be given priority. The Scholarship provides for living expenses, and in some cases, for tuition fees as well. The Programme aims at developing the knowledge, skills and capacity of the scholars in order to address climate change impacts and sustainable development. Priorities include research on the impacts of climate change in the most vulnerable regions of the world and the potential for adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development. For this initial round of scholarships, applicants should complete the attached application file which comprises the application form and the corresponding attachments by July 31, 2010 at the latest. For more information and to apply visit the IPCC Web site.

Chinas Dynasties Circa 2100 BCE - 1911 CE

The history of China stretches back into the mists of time. For centuries, scholars from China and abroad believed that the ancient dynasties - those prior to the Qin - were simply mythical. However, the discovery in 1899 of oracle bones from the Shang Dynasty dating back to c. 1500 BCE proved that this dynasty actually existed. The bones provided impressive amounts of information about the Shang royal family, religious beliefs and other aspects of life more than 3,500 years ago. Firm evidence for the Xia Dynasty has yet to be found... but do not bet against it! 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors Period (c. 2850 - c. 2200 BCE) Xia Dynasty (c. 2100 - c. 1600 BCE) Shang Dynasty (c. 1700 - 1046 BCE) Zhou Dynasty (c. 1066 - 256 BCE) Qin Dynasty (221 - 206 BCE) Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE) Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280 CE) Jin Dynasty (265 - 420) 16 Kingdoms Period (304 - 439) Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 - 589) Sui Dynasty (581 - 618) Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907 - 960) Song Dynasty (906 - 1279) Liao Dynasty (907 - 1125) Western Xia Dynasty (1038 - 1227) Jin Dynasty (1115 - 1234) Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368) Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911)

The Effect of Inflation in Ethiopia - 6723 Words

Published in Computing and Systems Technology Division Communications, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 18(2), 1995. Low Cost Virtual Reality and its Application to Chemical Engineering - Part Two John T. Bell H. Scott Fogler University of Michigan June 1995 Introduction and Update from Part One This article has been broken up into two parts, the first of which presented an introduction to virtual reality and some discussion of what low-cost hardware and software options are available3. This second part will cover some applications of virtual reality, including areas where VR is being or could be applied to chemical engineering, and in particular the work being done at the University of Michigan’s department of Chemical†¦show more content†¦The Windows 3.1 solution is still being sold, and is a popular product, but unfortunately the SPEA card is no longer available, which puts a damper ( at least temporarily ) on the DOS product. However, Sense8 now has an alternate product, using OpenGL and Windows NT. OpenGL is based upon the graphics language developed by Silicon Graphics for their high-end graphics supercomputers, and will be supported by the new Windows NT operating system. Because of the huge potential market for CA D applications and computer games, a number of companies have announced plans for OpenGL graphics accelerator cards, which will be initially expensive, but will rapidly drop in price as volume sales and competition develops. Some systems available now from InterGraph corporation rival high-performance SGI workstations in performance for a fraction of the cost, but the nice thing about it all is that Windows 14 NT will support OpenGL applications whether or not a graphics accelerator is present - they will just run faster with the special cards. Current Applications of Virtual Reality, Including Possible Future Applications, and Their Extension to Chemical Engineering Virtual reality has been applied to a wideShow MoreRelatedPosition Paper On State Of Poverty In Ethiopia. Nathan808 Words   |  4 PagesState of Poverty in Ethiopia Nathan Dawson Poverty is defined to be a state when â€Å"[A person’s income is below] a minimum income level used as an official standard for determining the proportion of a population living in poverty.† (‘poverty line’ Dictionary.com, 2016). In 2015, the USD purchasing price the international poverty line was set at $1.90 (Worldbankorg, 2016). 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Soldier’s Home Free Essays

In Ernest Hemingway’s short story, â€Å"Soldier’s Home†, a young man named Krebs is unable to relate to his mother and home life after he returned from the First World War. After Krebs saw death and destruction in the wars most bloody battles, he returns home where his parents try to get him back to his normal routines. His view of the world has changed drastically since the war. We will write a custom essay sample on Soldier’s Home or any similar topic only for you Order Now He no longer feels love in his heart and cannot lie to his mother when she asks if he loves her. One of the famous lines Hemingway wrote, â€Å"Krebs looked at the bacon fat hardening on his plate.† Like bacon his heart has been hardened by what he had seen in World War I and he knew he must get far away from his parents to be able to get his life back in order. Harold Krebs after graduating from a Methodist college in Kansas enlisted in the Marines in 1917 and did not return to the United States until 1919. While at war he saw many tragedies that changed his life forever. When he returns home he does not get a heroes welcome because many had returned before him. At first Krebs did not want to talk about the war but later on when he felt the need no one would listen. He spent his days reading, walking and admiring the girls but a lot had changed since he had been gone. He thought about going out with some of the girls he used to know and remembers the girls he knew overseas but finds, â€Å"the young girls had grown up. But they lived in such a complicated world with already defined alliances and shifting feuds that Krebs did not feel the energy or courage to break in it.† Krebs has a hard time relating to his parents and he finds himself not wanting to go watch his sister play ball. The climax to the story is when Krebs’s mother asks, â€Å"Don’t you love your mother, dear boy?† and he answers, â€Å"No†. Even though he had been feeling unhappy, useless, and out of place since he had returned from the war, he had been drifting along, going through the motions. He had been stagnating, spending his time sitting on the front porch, reading, trying â€Å"to keep his life from being complicated†. The final conflict with his mother forces Krebs to face the fact that he cannot stay. He lies to his mother to make her feel better after he has hurt her with the truth, but is â€Å"sick and vaguely nauseated† by his duplicity. As his mother prays over him at the end of the story, Krebs resolves to go away to Kansas City and start his life again, away from the home and family to which he can no longer belong. In the story, â€Å"Soldier’s Home† it is told from the third person narrator point of view. Hemingway, having been a former journalist is able to show how distant Krebs is because of being the type of journalist who is detached just like Krebs was detached by his experience in World War I. As Hemingway writes he shows how Krebs holds his emotions in that he knows his mother will not understand. When Krebs calls his mom â€Å"Mummy† he is trying to comfort her by acting like a child. At the end Krebs makes a decision to leave and go to Kansas City because he feels he may not ever reconnect with his family. Harold Krebs is a man who has gone through a life-changing event and has experienced many consequences made by his own choices and decisions. He then has to come to the understanding that he has to try and rebuild his life as he knew it. Things weren’t working out at his family’s house so he decided to move to Kansas City where he would get a job. This war was a hundred years ago and Krebs came back and had no clue what to do with his life when he got back. The same thing goes for the soldiers of the war in Afghanistan they see so much that traumatizes them that they do not know how to act when they are around their families. How to cite Soldier’s Home, Essay examples Soldier’s Home Free Essays â€Å"Reading† a Film – Smoke Signals Segment 1 0:00:00 – 0:30:00 Begins with: opening credits Ends with: Thomas telling his story about Denny’s 1. What is the significance of a person cutting their hair? Why would Arnold Joseph cut his hair? 2. The writer and director intended to include the 4 elements – fire, earth, air, water. We will write a custom essay sample on Soldier’s Home or any similar topic only for you Order Now Where do we see any of these elements? 3. What is the effect of all of the time shifts in the film? 4. How does Thomas feel about Victor’s father? 5. What is Victor Joseph’s attitude toward his father when he begins his journey? . Describe each relationship Thomas and Victor have with their home and the women that raise them. 7. Fry bread is a symbol in this film. Where do you see the fry bread? How can it be a symbol in this segment? 8. How is KREZ different from radio stations run by non-Indians? What was the screen writer attempting to tell us by repeatedly referring to the station in the film? 9. In the film Victor Joseph’s mother makes him promise several times that he will come right back from Phoenix. He says: â€Å"I promised you I would. You want me to sign a written contract, Mom? She replies, â€Å"Nah, we Indians have a thing about signed documents. † What was she referring to? 10. What are some historical references mentioned in the film? 11. Describe the relationship between Thomas and Victor. 12. Describe the life depicted on the reservation so far. What do you think are the writer’s and/or director’s feelings about the reservation? Segment 2 0:30:00 – 1:01:00 Begins with: Victor’s painful flashback about his father’s leaving Ends with: Victor going into his father’s trailer . How is the importance of hair mentioned in this segment? 2. How is the reality of life off the reservation made clear for Victor and Thomas? Think back to the discussion where Victor tries to teach Thomas how to be a real Indian? 3. What does Victor think of as a â€Å"real Indian†? Why do they sing â€Å"John Wayne’s Teeth†? Why does the song switch from diegetic (soun d the characters can hear) to nondiegetic (sound only the audience can hear), and how is it different when it becomes nondiegetic? 4. Fry bread is a symbol in this film. Where do you see the fry bread? How can it be a symbol in this segment? 5. The writer and director intended to include the 4 elements – fire, earth, air, water. Where do we see any of these elements? 6. What are some historical references mentioned in the film? 7. Everyone in the film seems to like to tell and hear stories except Victor. Why do you think this is? Are the stories that Thomas tells the truth or fiction? Does it matter? 8. Describe Suzy’s character. What purpose is she serving in the story? What is she trying to teach Victor? Segment 3 1:01:00 – end Begins with: Victor in his father’s trailer Ends with: closing credits 1. Why do you think Victor cuts his hair? 2. What does Thomas mean when he tells Victor that they are â€Å"traveling heavy with illusion†? 3. What does Victor mean when he says â€Å"everything burned up in the fire†? 4. What do you think Thomas means when he says â€Å"I think we were in 2 wrecks last night? Then Victor goes on to say that he’s sorry about â€Å"every wreck†? 5. The writer and director intended to include the 4 elements – fire, earth, air, water. Where do we see any of these elements? 6. How is the ending a perfect contrast to the opening fire scene? 7. Look at the lyrics to â€Å"Father and Farther. † Even though this song was not written specifically for the film, it fits very well. How does it relate and comment on the events that have been depicted? 8. What do you make of the film’s ending? How have things changed for Victor? Is anything different for Thomas? 9. Think of Thomas’s last comment at the end of the movie: â€Å"If we forgive our fathers, what is left? † What do you take as the meaning behind this? How does this relate to the story told in the film? 10. Why was Victor Joseph raging when he threw his father’s ashes into the river at the end of the film? Some Final Questions 1. The director of this movie said that â€Å"Anytime you put an Indian on the screen it’s politics – that’s kind of the luggage that comes with the whole Indian package. † What do you think he meant by this? Do you agree or disagree? 2. In Hebrew the name â€Å"Thomas† means â€Å"good company,† and in Latin â€Å"Victor† means â€Å"conquering. † How did these two characters play out their own names in this film? . A line of dialogue that was cut from the very end of the film has Thomas asking Victor if he might listen to one of his stories sometime, and Victor says yes. What role do stories and the art of storytelling play in this film? Why are stories important? 4. Victor Joseph’s father was abusive to him on occasion. But when his fath er leaves home, Victor tries to stop him. Can you explain how a young boy, 10 to 12 years old, would not want his father to leave home even if the father was abusive? â€Å"Father and Farther† Father and Farther |Sometimes, Father, you and I | | |Are like a dirty ghosts | | |who wear the same sheets every day | |Sometimes, Father, you and I, |as one more piece of us just dies and dies and dies. | |Are like a three-legged horse | | |who can’t get across the finish line |Now can I ask you Father? | |no mater how hard, he tries and tries and tries. |If you know how much farther we need to go? | | |Now can I ask you Father? |Sometimes, Father, you and I |If you know how much farther we have to go? | |Are like a Warrior, | | |who can only paint half of his face |Father and farther | |while the other half cries and cries and cries and cries. |Father and farther | | |’til we know? | |Now can I ask you Father? | |If you know how much farther we need to go? |Fath er and farther | |Now can I ask you Father? |Father and farther | |If you know how much farther we have to go? |’til we know? | | | | |Father and farther |Father and farther |Father and farther |Father and farther | |’til we know? |’til we know? | | | | |Father and farther |Father and farther | |Father and farther |Yeah, how much farther | |’til we know? |’til we know? | | | |Sometimes, Father, you and I, |Sometimes, Father, you and I, | |Are like two old drunks |Are like a three-legged horse | |who spend their whole lives in the bars |who can’t get across the finish line | |swallowing down all those lies and lies and lies. |No matter how hard, he tries and tries and tries†¦ | | | | How to cite Soldier’s Home, Papers

Agricultural Reforms Policy Australia †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Agricultural Reforms Policy Australia. Answer: Introduction In the composition of national GDP agriculture, contribute a significant portion in Australia. Australia makes huge export earnings from exporting its primary products. Australian farmers are able to produce 93% of domestic product used by Australian natives on daily basis. Other than, that agricultural sector possesses linkage with other sectors in the economy. Agricultural sectors also contribute to employment generation in Australia and unemployment rate significantly lower. Nearly 1.6 million people are engaged in agriculture and other related farming industries. Despite so much importance, agricultural sector receives least assistant from the government. The paper makes aneconomic analysis on news report capturing different types of agricultural reform policy of Australian government. Essence of the story There is a well known different between the agricultural policies devised by the Australian government and that of the rest of the world. A subsidized or regulated agricultural market is the most common form of reform. In contrast free market approach has been given more priority in Australia. In other contemporary countries like Ireland or United Kingdom follows Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (queenslandcountrylife.com.au, 2017). The farmers there receive agricultural subsidies and participate in programs for agricultural development. In contrast, Australian farmers are independent of EUs subsidy allowance. Australian government is reluctant to give price support to farmers. Australia stands as second in the list of OECD countries in terms of giving lowest support in its agriculture. In other OECD countries, CAP subsidy accounts a significant part of farmers income. This makes Australian agriculture more sensitive to market forces. CAP has a different type of operation in Australia. Apart from basic subsidy, other benefits under CAP policies include healthy regional communities, efficient management of agriculture product and inputs (Swinbank Daugbjerg, 2017).The target of the Australian government is to make agro business to run profitably and viably. Australian government aims at designing a market based sustainable agro policy keep it primary sector competitive in the world market. Economic theories and concept Agricultural reforms in Australia though largely rely on free market policies there are some areas where government intervene. Australian government had initially imposed a high tariff rate to protect the agricultural sector. A tariff is a tax on imports (Park, 2017).To protect famers from low price imported agricultural product tariff was imposed. However, due to the distortion resulted from tariff policy government decides to relax all the restriction and back again to the free market policy. Demand, Supply and Free Market Demand for a product is defined as people ability to buy the product at the existing market price (Kirwan Roberts, 2016). On the other hand, supply of a product measures producers ability to supply at different pricing point. Market equilibrium is ensured at a point where decision of buyers matches with the decision of seller (Frank, 2014). Corresponding to the equilibrium point, market price and market quantity is determined. Free market price and quantity are P* and Q* as obtained from the intersection of demand and supply curve. At any price higher the P* there will be excess supply and at any price below P8 there will be excess demand. In such situations forces of demand and supply adjusts and restore equilibrium. Price mechanism known as invisible hand ensure efficiency in the market. In the free market, there are no amount of market power either in the hand of buyers or in the hands of sellers (Nicholson Snyder, 2014). Hence, the surpluses are equally divided among buyers and sellers. Resources are efficiently allocated and hence optimally utilized. This justifies the Australian government decision of free market policy. Agriculture support policy With support price policy, there are always distortions in the market (Bernanke, Antonovics Frank, 2015). The following figure describes the market with a agricultural support policy. In the above figure free market price and quantity are P* and Q* respectively. In the free market situation, consumer and producer surpluses are shown by the area abe and cf. Now, suppose government intervene and sets price to P min to increase producers surplus. Higher price induces consumer in the grain market to reduce their demand from Q* to QM while supply increase from Q* to QT. Because of supply outpacing its demand there will be excess supply in the market that the government has to purchase at the regulated price. This may increases the stock of grains to government but in most of the situation the grains are wasted (Ciaian, Kancs Swinnen, 2014). The loss occurred due to government spending to purchase additional grains shown by the area HEFGJI. Recommendation The price support policy to agriculture is not very effective in Australia. However, government cannot stand still leaving this sector completely on free market situation. In agricultural sector, productivity matters a lot. The productive growth is measured through the change in output contributed from factors in addition to direct factor inputs. These include innovation and adaption of new technology in the production process. Australian government should increase investment in innovation. This will increase productivity in agricultural sector. The government may continue with its non-subsidy policy but investment should be made to improve the infrastructure of agriculture. Conclusion In the paper, a critical evaluation is made on the article published in Australia on reform agricultural policies in Australia. The article finds the difference of reform approach in Australia and that in other European countries. Agriculture is an important sector for Australian economy. The policy agricultural reform in Australia is different from that of other European countries. While most of the countries generally adapt price support policy or other agricultural subsidy policy farmer in Australia usually, deal with free market condition. The agricultural sector is strong enough in Australia but still there is some field where the government should intervene. Areas like innovation or other infrastructural facilities require government investment. With government support, the sector can make a remarkable progress. References Ag system differences an interesting study. (2017).Queensland Country Life. Retrieved 10 August 2017, from https://www.queenslandcountrylife.com.au/story/4841904/ag-system-differences-an-interesting-study/. Bernanke, B., Antonovics, K., Frank, R. (2015). Principles of macroeconomics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Ciaian, P., Kancs, D. A., Swinnen, J. (2014). The impact of the 2013 reform of the common agricultural policy on land capitalization in the european union.AppliedEconomic Perspectives and Policy,36(4), 643-673. Frank, R. (2014). Microeconomics and behavior. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kirwan, B. E., Roberts, M. J. (2016). Who Really Benefits from Agricultural Subsidies? Evidence from Field-Level Data.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,98(4), 1095-1113. Nicholson, W., Snyder, C. M. (2014).Intermediate microeconomics and its application. Cengage Learning. Park, H. W. (2017). Economics 100 04 Introductory Microeconomic. Swinbank, A., Daugbjerg, C. (2017). The Changed Architecture of the EUs Agricultural Policy Over Four Decades: Trade Policy Implications for Australia.

A Practical Guide The 5 Best Ways to Save for College

A Practical Guide The 5 Best Ways to Save for College SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips So you want to be proactive and save for college. Maybe you’re a high school student who wants to build up a college fund for yourself, or maybe you’re a parent or family member who wants to save for a young loved one.No matter your situation, you’re taking a proactive step in making college a little bit more affordable. In this post, I’ll discuss the things you need to know in orderto build, keep, and grow college savings. We'll discuss the fivebest ways to save for college to lower student debt on graduation and take a load off your mind. First, though, I'll talk about the question you should be considering before you implement your savings plan: how much should you be putting away in the first place? Read on to find out! How Much Should You Save? As you might imagine, the answer to this question will be different for everyone. I'll talk about the costs of college, how they're expected to change, and some common savings goals before moving into the nitty-gritty of savings calculations. College is already pretty expensive, with costs varying based on factors like school type, financial need, and academic merit. On average, it costs about $45,000 to attend a private US college for one year, whilethe cost of attendance at an in-state public school averages about $23,000. You can read more about estimating your own expenses with our college cost guide. Although it'scurrently pricey to get a college education, expenses are only increasing year by year. If prices increase at a rate of 5% annually, the total cost of 4 years of college in 18 years could be: $237,000 at an in-state public university $464,000 at a private college or university These sticker prices are definitely intimidating, but it's important to keep in mind that most families aren't shelling out those total amounts in cash in order to pay for school. As of a few years ago, this wasthe average percentage breakdown of how families paid for college (according to the College Board): 5% contributions from relatives and friends 9% parent borrowing, like with a private or PLUS loan % student income and savings 18% student borrowing, like with a Direct loan or Perkins loan 27% parent income and savings 30% grants and scholarships like the Pell Grant Hopefully, this breakdown helps assuage any fears you may have about the process of paying for college. Although it isn't difficult to come up with a currentnet price estimate of college expenses, it may be challenging to do this for students who will attend college in 5, 10, or 15 years. According to one survey, most parents say they hope to pay at least half of their children's college expenses; in the following examples, I'll work with these figures and savings goals to show you how much, exactly, you should stash for the future. Calculating Savings Maybe the most tedious part of saving for college: figuring out what you're comfortable putting away. Ultimately, theamount you decide to save will depend on your family income and expenses. You don’t have to have four years’ worth of expenses (tuition, room, board, fees, etc.) saved up by the time your student’s 18, especially if your family has alower income and you expect toqualify for financial aid like the Pell Grant. It’s hard to predict what sort of aid you willget thatfar in the future, but you canstart with an estimate of what your family will have to pay out of pocketgiven current costs. Once you've come to a savings goal - let's say your full expected family contribution (net price) for convenience's sake - you can figure out how much to put away every pay period. Just divide your total expected contribution for fouryears of collegeby the number of pay periods until your child leaves for school. Here's a basic savings formula for how much you should save per month, assuming your money wouldn't be earning any gains or interest: Monthly savings = Total savings goal à · (Years until college x 12) Let's see how this looks in action: If you have a newborn baby, you'll have 18 years to save for college. You have the advantage of time on your side, but you also know that college costs will rise significantly over the next couple of decades. You estimate that thecost of attendance at a private college will cost about $460,000 by the time your child goes to school, and you want to save half that amount: $230,000. If you stashed your cash in a 0% interest account, you could save $230,000 in 18 years by setting aside $1065 a month If you stashed your money in an account with an average annual rate of return of 6%, you could save $230,000 in 18 years by setting aside $500 a month $500 a month is a lot more reasonable than $1065 a month, but it still may not be withinyour budget. What happens if you save less per month, over 18 years, in that same 6% yield account? If you save $100 a month, you would have $47,000 in 18 years If you save $250 a month, you would have $166,000 in 18 years Ultimately, any amount that you choose to put away will help empower your child (or yourself) to pay for college in the future. As you can see; however, you can grow your money much more effectively if you save early, save often, and save in an account with a high rate of return. Ways to Build Funds To students and parents alike: the earlier you start building a college fund, the better. Strategies for fundingcollege will vary based on who, exactly, is trying to save for school. Whether you're a parent or a student, you can start working on a funding source. For Parents It’s never too early to start a college fund for your future student. In fact, the earlier you start, the easier it will be to save a significant amount. Perhaps thebest way to save is to set aside a small percentage of your income every pay period. You canwithhold it and put it aside in a big chunk at the end of the year. Alternatively, you canhave a set amount or percentage automatically deposited in a separate account every pay period. The amount you choose to set aside will obviously depend on your income and family expenses. For Students There are many different ways for you to start building up a college fund for yourself. The more you save now, the less you may have to worry about your tuitionbills or student loan payments later. Student Jobs You can start working in many states at 14 or 15, which potentially givesyou 3-4 years to build up some savings for college. This isn’t the right choice for everybody - you shouldn’t put a job ahead of your studies or extracurricular activities - but it can be a good way to start putting money away for the future. Assume that you'll start off working part-time and at federal minimum wage - not super appealing, I know, but that'sthe unfortunate reality of getting a job as a teen. If you work full-time for twomonths during the summer (40 hours per week at $7.25 per hour), you could earn up to $2,320 before taxes. Do this for three summers during high school, and you could earn almost $7,000. That's a significant chunk of money, but it requires a lot of time and energy on your part. Starting early; however, could provide opportunities for advancement (i.e. salary raises) and work experience that may help you get a more appealing job once you're in college. Check out our article talking about when you should (or shouldn't) get a job as a student. Family Member Contributions Some students may be fortunate enough to have family members whoare willing to help with college expenses. If you’re still in high school but want to start building your college fund, ask family members for contributions in lieu of traditional gifts for birthdays or holidays. Scholarships You don’t have to wait until you’re accepted to college to start applying forscholarships. There are a lot of programs out there open to high school students, and some are open to even younger kids. To start your scholarship search, check out our posts on the top scholarship programs for high school juniors and high school seniors. Spend a few minutes researching scholarships in your area that may be eligible for. Even small scholarships add up if you’re diligent about applying broadly. Where to Keep Your Money Money may not grow on trees, but that doesn't mean it can't grow. Now that you have a plan for bringing in college money, you’ll need a plan for saving in a smart way. If you let your money just sit in a checking account or a low-interest savings account, you could be losing money due to inflation in the long run. Don’t let all your hard work go to waste! There’s no one right savings plan for everyone, but there are a lot of different options available, each with its own pros and cons. I’ll present them all here so you can pick one or more that may work for you. Savings Accounts You can open a savings account in a matter of minutes at any bank. If you're looking for something a little more specialized, check outCoverdell Education Savings Accounts - they're custodial accounts that are meant specifically for education costs. Pros If you put your money in a savings account, it'll beeasily accessible and very liquid. It's not difficult to find free accounts with no fees. Your money will grow, particularly if you find a high-interest account. Finally, savings accounts are very flexible, meaning anyone can open an account to use for any other person's education. Cons It can be tempting to dip into college savings if you have easy access to it. Any interest gains are taxable, but thatmay not matter too much at the moment because interest rates are so low - you probably won't be gaining much from interest. 529 Plans 529 plans are education-specific investment accounts - there are many different types of plans out there, so it might take a bit of research to find one that's a good fit. Pros Many 529 plans offer serious tax benefits: when used to cover educational expenses, any investment gains aren't taxed. Any adult can open an account and name any other individual as beneficiary, making the plans very flexible. There's a penalty for dipping into the account for non-education expenses, which hopefullyleads tosuccess in reaching savings goals. Finally, there are high lifetime contribution maximums (this depends on the state, but the maximums vary from 200k-400k). Cons If there's any sort of emergency and you need access to funds you've stashed in a 529 plan, you'll be charged a hefty penalty. The plans themselves often come with fees or other charges. Finally, because 529 plans are custodial investment accounts, they're not viable options for teens who want to save for college themselves. Other Investment Accounts There are other ways to invest college funds in the market besides 529 plans, including brokerage accounts and IRAs. Again, there are a lot of different options out there, so the most important thing is finding an account that works best foryour savings goals. Pros There are a lot of investment account options out there, so you havea lot of control in how you invest your money. Depending on the type of account you choose, your funds should also be more easily accessible than if they were in a 529 plan, which meansyou wouldn't have to pay a penalty for using the money for non-educational expenses. Cons Choosing and managing an investment account takes more workand initiative than just sticking your funds in a savings account. Any gains from an investment account without the benefits of a 529 will be subject to tax, which you may have to pay on top of account fees. You also have to be 18 to open an investment account, meaning teens can't save for college this way (at least not on their own). Finally, some investment accounts can be very volatile, which subjectsyour savingsto quite a bit of risk. CDs A CD is another type of savings account - you receive a certificate when you deposit your money for a specific length of time, at a specific interest rate. You can get your money + interest rate when your CD â€Å"matures,† after the designated time period ends. Pros Because your money isn't invested in the market, you don't have to worry about your savings losing value. CDs have better rates of returnthan many savings accounts when you choose a long-term CD, making them good options for parents with young kids. Cons CDs are more conservative options than most investment accounts,and as such, they tend toresult in lower rates of return over the long term. In reality, the rates of return barely keep up with inflation. Gains are subject to tax. Finally, because long-term CDs keep your money locked in for extended periods, they're not good options for students heading off to college in the near future. Trusts "Trust" is a pretty broad term, encompassing many different things. Essentially, a trust is a fund made up of different assets that are held and managed by someone (a trustee) for someone else (a beneficiary). It's possible to open a trust for the purpose of covering college expenses. Pros You can use trusts to minimize estate taxes (if you have to worry about that), get professional management of funds, and have total control over money if you’re saving it for a minor. Cons To open a trust, you generally need a pretty large lump sum - you can't just slowly contribute over time. They're also expensive to maintain and manage. Ultimately, they're probably best for wealthy families who already have trusts in the works for children or other beneficiaries. Overwhelmed By These Savings Strategies? This info should hopefully keep you grounded. Whether your child is heading off to college next year or 18 years from now, the thought of saving up enough money can be pretty daunting. This is a lot of information to take in, so here's a breakdown of simple steps you can take to get started with a successful college savings plan: You don't have to orchestrate some complicated strategy all at once in order to save for college. If you want to start saving but don't have time at the moment to research different savings or investment accounts, it's okay to put that stuff on the back burner. Justspend a few minutes opening a simple savings account at your current banking institution - that's all you have to do to open a dedicated college fund. Once you have more time, you can start looking at savings plans that will help you grow your money most effectively. You don't have to throw all your extra funds into college savings from Day 1.Managing a household budget is a delicate balancing act for many families. If you are ready to start a college savings plan, begin by putting aside 5% of your income. If that's too much (or too little), you can adjust as necessary. Remember, you can always contribute larger lump sums if you have extra funds available. If you don't meet some arbitrary savings goal, that doesn't mean you've failed. FewUS families can afford to cover all college expenses upfront, but any amount that you save up canhelp cut down on things like student debt and even stress over making payments. Fewer than half of all families with kids sock money away for college - you're already at an advantage by setting up a dedicated college fund. What's Next? Although it's important to have a college fund to cover large educational expenses, your personal savings arenot the only way to pay for college costs. Federal and institutional financial aid may cover a large fraction of these expenses, but only if you submit the right applications at the right time. Check out our guide to applying for financial aid for more information. Did you know that some schools offer much better financial aid packages than others? If you want an education for a bargain, learn more about the 27 colleges with the best financial aid programs. Finally, you may be interested in private scholarship programs to help bridge the gap between what you owe and what you can afford. Read more about the top scholarships out there for high school juniors and high school seniors. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Flat Tax essays

The Flat Tax essays The United States tax system is in complete disarray. Republicans and Democrats agree that the current tax code is complex, unfair, and costly. The income tax system is so complex; the IRS publishes 480 tax forms and 280 forms to explain the 480 forms (Armey 1). The main reason the tax system is so complex is because of the special preferences such as deductions and tax credits. Complexity in the current tax system forces Americans to spend 5.4 billion hours complying with the tax code, which is more time than it takes to manufacture every car, truck and van produced in the United States (Armey 1). Time is not the only thing that is lost with the current tax system; Americans also lose great deal of money complying with the tax code. Resources that are currently wasted on record keeping, filing forms, learning the tax code, litigation, and tax avoidance. The cost of complying with the current tax code totals about $200 billion annually, or $700 for every man, woman, and child i n America (Armey 1). The overwhelming consensus that the current tax system is inadequate has ignited the search for tax reform. There are numerous proposals for tax reform; one particular proposal brought forth by various conservatives is the idea of national flat rate income tax. The idea is to replace the current income tax with a single rate that everyone pays. This paper will take a close look at the concepts of the flat tax, and look at the possible benefits and potential failings. Although there is a basic format to the flat tax, there are multiple flat tax proposals that have been offered by conservatives. Along with critiquing the basic format of the flat tax, this paper will compare and contrast the different flat tax proposals. There is no doubt among Americans and politicians that there is need for tax reform, the flat tax and one of its proposals could possibly be the answer to tax reform. The American people are in t...

Sentiment in financial markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sentiment in financial markets - Essay Example But if you have no feel for what the expectational environment is, you're kind of flying blind. You might have a good feel for the fundamentals and the technicals, but very often it's the expectational backdrop that makes the difference. For example, many investors are frustrated because they own a stock and the stock's earnings meet or perhaps even exceed expectations. And lo and behold, the stock goes down and people are at a loss to explain why. But for other stocks, the earnings come in and exceed expectations, and the stock skyrockets. Why the difference The reason is sentiment. Very often, the sentiment had been excessively bullish before the positive earnings report. In the days before the announcement, there may have been a heavy accumulation of call options. So there is a lot of anticipatory buying of the stock, which then pretty much has run its course when the earnings come out. But with these and other measures, you must wait until they get to some kind of extreme level before they carry contrary implications. For example, when everybody who could potentially be bullish is already bullish, then essentially most of the buying power in that particular market has been dissipated. At that point, the market becomes very vulnerable to selling because there isn't enough buying to offset the selling. Similarly, if only a very, very smal... Perhaps they have even shorted the market. That means the market has become more primed to move upward because if buyers should come in they will not encounter much selling pressure because the selling has already occurred. So imagine a poll today that says 80 percent of futures traders are bullish. Remember that people, whether futures traders or individual investors or market-letter writers, tend to be trend followers. Their opinion tends to be a reflection of what's going on in the market. So if 80 percent are bullish that doesn't mean that the market is at its peak. No. 1, you would expect them to be bullish, and, No. 2, they can always get more bullish. I think this points out a trap that the bears have fallen into. They've noticed signs of bullishness, namely the amount of money that's flowing into mutual funds, the investment clubs, the Beardstown Ladies' books and so on. You get into trouble when a market is in a powerful technical trend and you analyze it without reference to the fact that you expect people to be bullish in a bull market. When a stock rises on positive earnings, which also occurs often, there may have been a lot of concern about the earnings report and investors may have bought a lot of put options, or shorted the stock. Without a measure of sentiment that is accurate, you can go down all kinds of blind alleys. Some of those who have been bearish on the stock market will tell you that there are many more investment clubs than there were 15 years ago, or that mutual funds now outnumber the stocks on the Big Board. These are all good cocktail-party things to talk about, but they're not really measures of sentiment that have parameters associated with them. They're just anecdotal. Academic

Leadership - MAO ZEDONG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leadership - MAO ZEDONG - Essay Example The story of Mao Zedong is one the Chinese reflect on to date. People understand that the situation of his growth to a national figure started by the decision to make a difference in the society. The idea was to allow people to understand they had rights. He wanted to show the society that even peasant farmers have a voice when it comes to making the choices within the society. He was born to wealthy farmer. From the beginning, Mao took up the nationalism sceptre as his guide towards the issues taking place within the organization. In many sessions, Mao was willing to lead the people towards a revolution and create a platform that would give them a say in the issues of the society (Shuyun, 2006). However, upon taking the leadership, he created the People’s Republic of China and stated that one party, the Communist Party of China, would control it. This reduced the participation of the people because only those accepted at the party level would have a chance at the leadership levels in the country. He played a psychological card that made it easy for him to consolidate his leadership in the country after taking up his position as the leader of the new republic (Shuyun, 2006). He wanted to see the country develop and his idea of the great leap forward was to see the country better managed, developing, and increasing its appeal to everyone across the world. People would get a chance to participate in the growth by learning new skills that would be essential for the general improvement of their lives. This set the country apart towards the achievement of greatness (Chang, & Halliday, 2005). A variety of leadership styles can be used to define the life of Mao as a leader of the great country of China. At the very start of his journey towards meeting the ideals of his people as a revolutionary, Mao was using a contingency theory of leader. Here, the leader knew that the only way of making it work in the country was by changing the leadership styles to

Medication Adherence And Treatment Satisfaction In Patients Nursing Essay

Medication Adherence And Treatment Satisfaction In Patients Nursing Essay Abstract Background and Objective: Medication adherence and treatment satisfaction are important for successful therapeutic outcome. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess antipsychotic medication adherence using 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS), (2) assess treatment satisfaction using Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM 1.4), and (3) correlate adherence and satisfaction with psychiatric symptoms measured using 24-item expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-E) in patients with schizophrenia. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study Admin2010-12-25T10:07:00 Also, You should mention your design of study inside the textcarried out at governmental out-patient psychiatric unit in Nablus/ Palestine during summer 2010. Two hundred and sixty seven schizophrenic patients were registered at the clinic. Patients included in the study were those whose medications have not been changed in the past six months and those who did not have an acute attack in the past year. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS 16 for windows. Results: One hundred and fifty patients Admin2010-12-25T12:46:00 In cross sectional study, you should calculate the sample size to give a good precision for reliability and validity. These terms increase the quality and acceptance rate of articles.out of 267 registered schizophrenic patients met the inclusion criteria. Nineteen patients refused to participate while 131 patients agreed giving a response rate of 87.3%. The mean  ± SD of MMAS was 6.1  ± 1.7 in which 44 patients (33.6%) had low rate, 58(44.3%) had medium rate 29 (22.1%) had high rate of adherence to their antipsychotic medications. The means of satisfaction with regard to effectiveness, side effects, convenience global satisfaction were 72.6  ± 20.5, 67.9  ± 31.47, 63.2  ± 14.3 63.1  ± 18.8 respectively. The mean BPRS score of the patients was 68.4  ± 24.5 with 14.4  ± 6.7 13.7  ± 6.1 means for positive and negative symptoms scores respectively. Pearson correlation showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between effectiveness (P = 0.002, r = 0.27), side effects (0.006, r =0.24), convenience (P Discussion and Conclusion: conclusions can be summarized as follows: First, the majority of the patients had low to medium rate of adherence. Second, adherence was positively and significantly correlated with satisfaction. Third, adherence was significantly but negatively correlated with most psychiatric symptoms. Fourth, no significant difference in adherence was found among patients receiving various antipsychotic therapeutic regimens. Finally, various antipsychotic regimens significantly differ in side effects satisfaction domain only. Key words: adherence, satisfaction, psychiatric symptoms, antipsychotics Introduction Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder that impairs the quality of patients life and requires pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions (Palmer et al., 2002; Pinikahana et al., 2002; Sharma and Antonova, 2003). Antipsychotic drug therapy is considered as the key element in schizophrenia management and has been reported to minimize the frequency of acute schizophrenic episodes and hospitalization (Awad and Voruganti 2004; Campell et al., 1999). Adherence (compliance) to antipsychotic medications is necessary in order to achieve these therapeutic goals. Furthermore, adherence has been reported to lead to considerable cost savings (Damen et al., 2008). However, non-adherence (non-compliance) to antipsychotic medications is common and is considered as an integral barrier to the successful treatment of schizophrenia (Dolder et. al, 2003; Weiden 2007; Byrne et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2006). There are several factors that can cause treatment non-adherence in schizophreni c patients. Such factors include those derived from schizophrenic disorder itself, patient characteristics, those associated with the health-care system, and the antipsychotic treatment regimen (Svestka Bitter 2007; Misdrahi et al., 2002). Patients related factors contributing to non-adherence include gender, age, socio-economic status, race, and religion (Lowry 1998; Borras et al 2007). Cultural differences might be a potential factor for non-adherence. For example, a review article about psychotropic medications found that rates of non-adherence were higher among Latinos than Euro-Americans and clinical and research interventions to improve adherence should be culturally appropriate and incorporate identified factors (Lanouette et al., 2009). Although patients satisfaction with treatment regimen is crucial for medication adherence (Atkinson et al., 2004; Taira et al. 2006), few studies had examined the relationship between adherence, treatment satisfaction and therapeutic outcome in patients with schizophrenia (Fujikawa et al.; 2004; Freudenreich et al., 2004 Watanabe et al, 2004). Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: (1) Assess the degree of adherence to antipsychotic medications among schizophrenic outpatients using eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS), (2) Assess the degree of patients satisfaction with their treatment regimen using Treatment satisfaction Questionnaire for medication (TSQM 1.4), (3) Evaluate patients clinical symptoms, Positive Symptom Score (PSS) Negative Symptom Score (NSS) using Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and finally (4) Investigate relationships and correlations between medication adherence, subjective patients treatment satisfaction and psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Methodology 2.1. Patient selection: This study was conducted between July 2010 September 2010 at Al-Makhfya psychiatric Health Center in Nablus, Palestine. Approval to perform the study was obtained from the Palestinian ministry of health and IRBAdmin2010-12-25T10:09:00 Define this abbreviation committee at An-Najah National University. Patients who met the following criteria were invited to participate in this study: 1) their age was between 20 65 years, 2) they were diagnosed with schizophrenia as defined by DSMAdmin2010-12-25T13:29:00 Define this abbrev.-IV, 3) they had not been suffering from an acute attack of illness during the past year, and 4) their drug regimen had not been changed in the past 4 months. 2.2. Assessment and measures The instrument used in this study consisted of three parts: part one collected socio-demographic and medication data from patients medical files; part two was the Arabic version of the validated eight-item Morisky Medication Admin2010-12-25T13:31:00 . The final version of the Arabic questionnaire should be assessed to know if the Arabic version is reliable and valid to be used in your population. This a routine question by high impact journal Also, I suppose you are the first who use this score in Arab country, and this is good for you because you can write new article related to validity and reliability and it is preferred to be published before this article.Adherence Scale (MMAS) (Morisky et al., 2008, Morisky et al., 1986) and part three was the Arabic version of Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM 1.4) which the researchers obtained from Quintiles Strategic Research Services. The English version of the MMAS was translated into Arabic and was approved by professor Morisky through e-mail communication. The translation process was carried out according to the following procedure: 1) A forward translation of the original questionnaire was carried out from English to Arabic language to produce a version that was as close as possible to the original questionnaire in concept and meaning. Translation was carried out by two qualified independent translators; both native speakers of Arabic and proficient i n English. Each translator produced a forward translation of the original questionnaire into Arabic language without any mutual consultation. The corresponding author, who is a native Arabic speaker, reviewed the two primary versions and compared them with the original. (2) A back translation from Arabic language to English was carried out by two different translators after lengthy discussion between the translators and the corresponding author. (3) The back translated questionnaire was approved by Professor Donald Morisky through e-mail. The Arabic version of MMAS is an 8-item questionnaire with 7 yes/no questions while the last question was a 5-point likert question. Based on the scoring system of MMAS, adherence was rated as follows: high adherence (= 8), medium adherence (6 The TSQM 1.4 is a 14-item psychometrically robust and validated instrument consisting of four scales [Bahramal et al., 2009]. The four scales of the TSQM 1.4 include the effectiveness scale (questions 1 to 3), the side effects scale (questions 4 to 8), the convenience scale (questions 9 to 11) and the global satisfaction scale (questions 12 to 14). The TSQM 1.4 domain scores were calculated as recommended by the instruments authors, which is described in detail elsewhere (Atkinson et al., 2004; Atkinson et al., 2005). The TSQM 1.4 domain scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores representing higher satisfaction on that domain. Psychiatric symptoms, positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms were evaluated by a psychiatrist and well trained psychologists using the expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-E) (Overall and Gorham, 1962; Overall 1988; Lukoff et al., 1986; Ventura et al, 1993) at the same visit. The BPRS-E consists of 24 items measuring psychiatric symptoms. It measures four different dimensions: manic excitement/ disorganization, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and depression/ anxiety (Ruggeri et al., 2005). Positive symptoms were the followings: grandiosity, suspiciousness, hallucinations, unusual thought content and conceptual disorganization. Negative symptoms included disorientation, blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, motor retardation, and mannerism and posturing. 2.3. Data analysis Continuous variables like Morisky score, satisfaction domain scores, BPRS, positive and negative symptoms scores were expressed as mean  ± SD. Correlation between continuous variables was carried out using Pearson correlation test. Difference in means was carried out using one-way ANOVA test. All statistical analyses were conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS; version 16.0) for Windows. The conventional 5 percent significance level was used throughout the study. Results Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients One hundred and fifty patients out of 267 registered schizophrenic patients met the inclusion criteria. One hundred and thirty one (131) patients agreed to participate giving a response rate of 87.3%. Of the 131 patients, 40 (30.5%) were female and 91 (69.5%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 42.9  ± 10.3 years (range = 20 65 years). The mean duration of illness was 16.23  ± 9.59 years. Eighteen patients (13.7%) had other non-psychiatric diseases mainly diabetes mellitus (10 patients; 7.6%). Smoker schizophrenic patients represented 55% (72 patients) of the sample. None of the patients were reported to have any type of drug abuse. Details regarding demographic and clinical characteristics of the studied patients are shown in Table 1. Regarding treatment regimens, patients were grouped into 7 categories based on the type of antipsychotic medications they were using: Twenty four patients (18.3%) had been treated with oral typical antipsychotics only, 8 patients (6.1%) were using combination oral typical antipsychotics, 19 (14.5%) had been treated with typical depot injections only, 37 (28.2%) had been treated with typical oral and depot injections, 18 (13.7%) had been treated with oral atypical only, 12 patients (9.2%) had been treated with typical and atypical oral antipsychotics, and finally 13 patients (9.9%) had been treated with atypical oral and typical depot injection combination. The most common oral typical antipsychotic used by the patients was chloropromazine while the most common atypical antipsychotic was clozapine. Based on MMASAdmin2010-12-25T13:34:00 It is preferred to classify the characteristic of patients according to the adherence groups. Also, indicate if there is differences between the 3 groups , 44 (33.6%) of patients were rated as having low adherence, 58 (44.3%) were rated as having medium adherence 29 (22.1%) were rated as having high adherence to their antipsychotic medications. The average adherence score (6.1  ± 1.7) for the patients generally indicates medium rate of adherence. Upon investigation using 8-item Morisky scale (questionnaire ), we found that about 33.6% of patients forgot to take their medications; 15.3% of patients missed taking their medication for reason other than forgetting in the past two weeks before the interview; 13.7% stopped taking their medication without doctor counseling when they felt worse upon taking them; 16.8% forgot to take their medications with them when they leave home for long time; 10.7% didnt take their medication in the day before interview; 26% stopped taking their medica tion when they felt that their health is under control; and 55.7% felt hassled about sticking to their treatment plan. As for remembering to take their medications; 27.5% of the patients faced a difficulty in doing this once in a while; 6.1% of the sample sometimes had difficulties in remembering to take their medications; 6.9% of patients usually found difficulties; while 0.8% of schizophrenic patients faced these difficulties all the times. However 58.8% didnt show any difficulty in remembering to take their medication on time. Response to each question in the modified Morisky questionnaire is shown in Table 2. The average score of satisfaction with regard to effectiveness, side effects, convenience global satisfaction was 72.6  ±20.5; 67.9  ± 31.5; 63.2  ± 14.3; 63.1  ± 18.8 respectively. The mean BPRS score of the patients was 68.4  ± 24.5 with 14.4  ± 6.7 13.7  ± 6.1 means for positive and negative symptoms scores respectively Correlation between adherence scores and other variables There was a significant positive correlation between age and adherence (P = 0.028; r = 0.19Admin2010-12-25T13:35:00 As recommended, when correlation is less than 0.25 this considered as no or week correlation, 0.25-0.50 considered fair correlation. You can take this comments in your consideration. ). However, no such correlation was observed with the duration of illness (P = 0.13). Furthermore, no significant difference in the means of adherence was found between male and female (P = 0.76). Patients having other chronic diseases have significantly higher adherence score compared to those who do not, but the significance was at the borderline (P = 0.049). Pearson correlation showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between all satisfaction domains like effectiveness (P = 0.002, r = 0.27), side effects (P= 0.006, r =0.24), convenience (P Adherence, Treatment Satisfaction and type of antipsychotic regimen Adherence score was not significantly different (P = 0.6) among patients having different antipsychotic therapeutic regimens. Analysis of satisfaction based on the antipsychotic drug regimens showed that there was a significant difference in satisfaction with regard to side effects among different antipsychotic regimens ( P = 0.006, F = 3Admin2010-12-25T13:35:00 When you use one way ANOVA, it is recommended to use the Tukey post-hoc test to test the differences in the means between categories. To determine which group or groups are significant. ). Patients on atypical antipsychotic drug therapy showed the highest satisfaction with side effects (86.5  ± 4.8) compared with (51.3  ± 5.17) to those on typical antipsychotic mono-therapy. No significant difference with regard to other satisfaction domains (effectiveness, convenience and global satisfaction) among patients with different psychiatric regimens. Similarly no significant difference was found in BPRS scores (P = 0.6), positive (P = 0.6) and negative symptoms (P= 0.8) among different antipsychotic drug regimens. Details regarding adherence scores, BPRS, positive and negative symptoms with different antipsychotic drug regimens are shown in Table 4. Discussion This studyAdmin2010-12-25T13:36:00 This study is the first of its type in Palestine and the first study used an Arabic version for Morisky. You can add this points as originality of the article was conducted to assess medication adherence and treatment satisfaction among schizophrenic outpatients. The conclusions of the study can be summarized as follows: First, the majority (78%) of the patients had low to medium adherence rate. Second, adherence was positively and significantly correlated with treatment satisfaction. Third, adherence was significantly correlated with positive but negative psychiatric symptoms. Fourth, no significant difference in rate of adherence was found between patients using typical or atypical antipsychotic therapeutic regimens. Finally, patients on typical or atypical antipsychotic medications had similar scores in all domains of satisfaction except for that of side effects. Regarding rate of adherence, several studies have shown that up to 80% of all schizophrenic patients discontinue antipsychotic medications and that non-adherence rates ranging from 20% to 89%, with an average rate of approximately 50%, have been reported (Fenton et al, 1997; Lacro et al 2002, Young et al, 1986). Differences in rate of adherence among different reports might be attributed to different instrument used to assess adherence, social and cultural differences among different countries and differences in healthcare systems (Breen et al., 2007). In our study, younger patients had significantly lower adherence score than elderly patients. This finding is in agreement with other researchers who reported that younger schizophrenic patients have lesser adherence than older patients (Sajatovic et al 2007; Hui et al reported that younger age is a predictor for discontinuation of antipsychotic therapy (Hui et al.; 2006). However, other researchers reported equal non adherence among m iddle aged and elderly patients (Jeste et al., 2003) . Many factors have been cited as a potential cause for poor adherence. Side effects are key factors influencing compliance with antipsychotic medication (Weiden et al., 2004). (Liu-Seifert et al., 2005; Fleischhacker et al., 2003). There are few reports suggesting that treatment satisfaction is positively associated with antipsychotic medication adherence [Gharbawi et al., 2006,], improved clinical outcomes [Masand and Narasimhan, 2006], and quality of life [Hofer 2004,]. Our results give further support that treatment satisfaction is positively associated with adherence and symptom improvement, particularly psychotic positive symptoms. A study by Maneesakorn 2008 indicated that antipsychotic medication adherence has positive impact on psychiatric symptoms and satisfaction with medication (Maneesakron et al., 2007). Furthermore, Mohamad et al 2009 demonstrated an association between positive attitudes toward medication among schizophrenia patients and lower rates of study discontinuation (Mohamed et al., 2009). Thus, it is important to accurately evaluate patient satisfaction with medication treatment using validated instruments that can be utilized in clinical trials and practice. Medication non-adherence had a significantly negative impact on treatment response, highlighting the importance of adherence to achieve satisfactory treatment outcome (Lindameyr et al., 2009). A study by Liu-Seifert et al 2005 has found that discontinuing of treatment may lead to exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms and undermining therapeutic progress (Liu-Seifert et al., 2005). In these studies, poor response to treatment and worsening of underlying psychiatric symptoms, and to a lesser extent, intolerability to medication were the primary contributors to treatment being discontinued. Fewer extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia of atypical compared to typical antipsychotics led researchers to speculate that patients receiving atypical antipsychotics will show greater adherence, satisfaction and psychiatric improvement compared to patients receiving typical antipsychotics (Kane et al., 1988; Tollefson et al., 1997; Marder et al., 1994; Small et al., 1997 Jeste et al., 1999; Marder SR, 1998). However, our findings regarding adherence, satisfaction and psychiatric symptoms measured by BPRS-E were similar between patients on typical and atypical antipsychotic medications. Rosenheck and colleagues evaluated medication continuation and regimen adherence in 423 patients taking haloperidol or clozapine as part of a double-blind, randomized trial. Although the patients who received clozapine continued their medication significantly longer, the treatment groups did not differ in the proportion of pills returned each week (Rosenheck et al., 200). Olfson and colleagu es examined the effect of antipsychotic type on adherence 3 months after 213 inpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were discharged while receiving typical (84.5% of patients) or atypical (14.5% of patients) antipsychotics. A non-significant trend toward increased adherence was reported among patients with prescriptions for atypical antipsychotics (Olfson et al., 2000). Cabeza and colleagues retrospectively studied the relationship of adherence to antipsychotic type in 60 inpatients with schizophrenia. No significant association was found between adherence and type of antipsychotic (Cabeza et al., 2000). Dolder reported that patients on either typical or atypical had similar low rates of adherence (Dodler et al., 2002). Gianfransessco et al 2006 indicated that none of the atypicals showed treatment durations significantly different from the typical (Gianfransessco et al 2006). A study by Jones et al, 2006 has found that in people with schizophrenia whose medicatio n is changed for clinical reasons, there is no disadvantage across 1 year in terms of quality of life, symptoms, or associated costs of care in using FGAs rather than nonclozapine SGAs (Jones et al., 2006). Schulte et al concluded that, in general, very few or no advantages are to be gained from using SGAS rather than FGAS and the clinical effectiveness is not increased, but the side-effects are different. (Schulte et al 2010). In contrast, Al-Zakawani reported that atypical antipsychotic users were significantly more adherent to therapy, and had lower rates of office, hospital and emergency room utilization (Al-zakawani 2003). Actually, efficacy variations within SGAs and FGAs result in overlaps between the two groups and classification of antipsychotics into the two groups is no longer useful (Volvoka 2009). One might argue that cost of atypical antipschyotics is the barrier for medication adherence (Gibson et al., 2010). However, in our study, all patients had governmental insura nce and therefore cost of medications was not a reason of poor adherence of atypical antipsychotics. Regarding results of depot IM antipsychotic injections, we found no difference between oral and long acting antipsychotics with regard to adherence, satisfaction or psychiatric symptoms. Some researchers reported similar or better adherence, satisfaction and outcome with long acting injection than oral antipsychotics (Olivares et al., 2009; Gutierrez et al., 2010; Kane and Garcia 2009; Haddad et al., 2009). In contrast, vehof reported that patients on depot antipsychotics were less adherent and have more side effects than oral antipsychotics (Vehof et al., 2008). Our study has few limitations. The sample size might be relatively small to draw conclusions for assessing adherence, satisfaction and psychiatric symptoms. Instruments that we used to assess adherence, satisfaction and BPRS are might not be the gold standard for this purpose. A third Admin2010-12-25T13:16:00 Must be preceded by first and secondpotential limitation of our study is that the patients selected were homogenous in that all of them had governmental insurance and tends to use similar medications. Non-adherence among schizophrenic patients might be inherent in the context of the disease itself. Despite these limitations, results of this study were useful in understanding adherence, satisfaction and psychiatric symptoms. ReferencesAdmin2010-12-25T10:45:00 The number of references is too much, after delete the repeating ref. the number still 75 Al-Zakwani IS, Barron JJ, Bullano MF, Arcona S, Drury CJ, Cockerham TR. Analysis of healthcare utilization patterns and adherence in patients receiving typical and atypical antipsychotic medications. Curr Med Res Opin. 2003;19(7):619-26. Arana GW: An overview of side effects caused by typical antipsychotics.J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61:5-11 Atkinson MJ, Kumar R, Cappelleri JC, Hass SL: Hierarchical construct validity of the treatment satisfaction questionnaire for medication (TSQM version II) among outpatient pharmacy consumers. Value Health 2005, 8(Suppl 1):S9-S24. Atkinson MJ, Sinha A, Hass SL, Colman SS, Kumar RN, Brod M, Rowland CR. Validation of a general measure of treatment satisfaction, the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM), using a national panel study of chronic disease. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Feb 26;2:12 Awad AG, Voruganti LN. Impact of atypical antipsychotics on quality of life in patients with schizophrenia.. CNS Drugs. 2004;18(13):877-93. Review Bharmal M, Payne K, Atkinson MJ, Desrosiers MP, Morisky DE, Gemmen E. Validation of an abbreviated Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM-9) among patients on antihypertensive medications. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2009 Apr 27;7:36 Borras L, Mohr S, Brandt PY, Gillià ©ron C, Eytan A, Huguelet P. Religious beliefs in schizophrenia: their relevance for adherence to treatment. Schizophr Bull. 2007 Sep;33(5):1238-46 Breen A, Swartz L, Joska J, Flisher AJ, Corrigall J. Adherence to treatment in poorer countries: a new research direction? Psychiatr Serv. 2007 Apr;58(4):567-8 Byrne MK, Deane FP, Caputi P. Mental health clinicians beliefs about medicines, attitudes, and expectations of improved medication adherence in patients. Eval Health Prof. 2008 Dec;31(4):390-403 Cabeza IG, Amador MS, Lopez CA, Chavez MG: Subjective response to antipsychotics in schizophrenic patients: clinical implications and related factors. Schizophr Res 2000; 41:349-355 Campbell M, Young PI, Bateman DN, Smith JM, Thomas SH The use of atypical antipsychotics in the management of schizophrenia.. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Jan;47(1):13-22. Review Clinical and resource-use outcomes of risperidone long-acting injection in recent and long-term diagnosed schizophrenia patients: results from a multinational electronic registry. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009 Sep;25(9):2197-206 Cost-sharing effects on adherence and persistence for second-generation antipsychotics in commercially insured patients. Manag Care. 2010 Aug;19(8):40-7 Damen J, Thuresson PO, Heeg B, Lothgren M. A pharmacoeconomic analysis of compliance gains on antipsychotic medications. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2008;6(4):189-97. De Hert M, McKenzie K, Peuskens J. Risk factors for suicide in young people suffering from schizophrenia: a long-term follow-up study. Schizophr Res. 2001 Mar 1;47(2-3):127-34 Dingemans PM, Linszen DH, Lenior ME, Smeets RM. Component structure of the expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-E). Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1995 Dec;122(3):263-7 Dolder CR, Lacro JP, Dunn LB, Jeste DV. Antipsychotic medication adherence: is there a difference between typical and atypical agents? Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Jan;159(1):103-8. Erratum in: Am J Psychiatry 2002 Mar;159(3):514 Dolder CR, Lacro JP, Jeste DV. Adherence to antipsychotic and nonpsychiatric medications in middle-aged and older patients with psychotic disorders. Psychosom Med. 2003 Jan-Feb;65(1):156-62. Dolder CR, Lacro JP, Leckband S, Jeste DV. Interventions to improve antipsychotic medication adherence: review of recent literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003 Aug;23(4):389-99. Review Fenton WS, Blyler CR, Heinssen RK: Determinants of medication compliance in schizophrenia: empirical and clinical findings. Schizophr Bull 1997; 23:637-651 Fleischhacker WW, Oehl MA, Hummer M. Factors influencing compliance in schizophrenia patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64 Suppl 16:10-3 Freudenreich O, Cather C, Evins AE, Henderson DC, Goff DC. Attitudes of schizophrenia outpatients toward psychiatric medications: relationship to clinical variables and insight. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Oct;65(10):1372-6 Fujikawa M, Togo T, Yoshimi A, Fujita J, Nomoto M, Kamijo A, Amagai T, Uchikado H, Katsuse O, Hosojima H, Sakura Y, Furusho R, Suda A, Yamaguchi T, Hori T, Kamada A, Kondo T, Ito M, Odawara T, Hirayasu Y. Evaluation of subjective treatment satisfaction with antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Gharabawi GM, Greenspan A, Rupnow MF, Kosik-Gonzalez C, Bossie CA, Zhu Y, Kalali AH, Awad AG. Reduction in psychotic symptoms as a predictor of patient satisfaction with antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: data from a randomized double-blind trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Oct 20;6:45 Gianfrancesco FD, Rajagopalan K, Sajatovic M, Wang RH. Treatment adherence among patients with schizophrenia treated with atypical and typical antipsychotics. Psychiatry Res. 2006 Nov 15;144(2-3):177-89. Epub 2006 Sep 27. Gibson TB, Jing Y, Kim E, Bagalman E, Wang S, Whitehead R, Tran QV, Doshi JA. Gutià ©rrez-Casares JR, Caà ±as F, Rodrà ­guez-Morales A, Hidalgo-Borrajo R, Alonso-Escolano D. Adherence to treatment and therapeutic strategies in schizophrenic patients: the ADHERE study. CNS Spectr. 2010 May;15(5):327-37. Haddad PM, Taylor M, Niaz OS. First-generation antipsychotic long-acting injections v. oral antipsychotics in schizophrenia: systematic review of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 2009 Nov;52:S20-8. Herings RM, Erkens JA. Increased suicide attempt rate among patients interrupting use of atypical antipsychotics. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2003 Jul-Aug;12(5):423-4. Hofer A, Kemmler G, Eder U, Edlinger M, Hummer M, Fleischhacker WW. Quality of life in schizophrenia: the impact of psychopathology, attitude toward medication, and side effects. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Jul;65(7):932-9 Hui CL, Chen EY, Ka

High Divorce Rates

Family Institution (High Divorce Rates) Have you ever been to a traditional wedding? They are the most beautiful breath taking experience that you have ever seen; many symbols like the exchange of rings, uniting candle, flowers, bride’s maids and best man, and the bride in a beautiful white dress. Also weddings are a lot of fun too. They are the start of a family institution. On the flip side they are expensive and stressful for the couple at hand and the odds of staying together are only one out of every five marriages ended divorced within the first five years.Nowadays unlike the past more people are living together without getting married. According to the Associated Press the divorce rate was down to the lowest at 3. 6% (per 1000) since the 1970. The peak of divorce was in 1981 it was 5. 3% (per 1000). Some experts still say that marriages are as unstable as ever, but because couples are living together instead of marrying the rates are lower for marriages too. So it makes sense that the divorce would be down because not as many couples are getting married and living together instead and there is no data that shows at break-up unlike divorce has data.Nowadays, divorce is one of the most serious social problems that American society is currently facing. This is why it is extremely important to find out the main factors contributing to the growth of the divorce rate and possible solutions of the problem. Families are structured through marriage and reproduction is needed to keep the family institutions health and operating in society. There are many causes of divorce, just to name a few: changing woman’s roles, lack of stability, domestic violence, and lack of communication, which are highlighted below.Some solutions to these problems are needed because divorce plays a very significant role in the life of society, family and each individual. The first significant cause of recent rise in the rates of divorce is that women completely change in rol es. In the past, men had to earn all the money to afford the expense of family, whereas woman only do housework, since women have no money leading to depend on husbands’ money. Because of these situations, it is too difficult for most women to separate from their husbands. Nonetheless, these situations entirely changed nowadays. The quality between men and women in roles are very clear at the moment, thus women can work outside to earn money, while men share the household tasks such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes as well as caring for children. It can be clearly seen that women are independent from money as they can earn money by them to support their living cost. But this as I stated has been huge changes and not always accepted in all marriages. Next let’s look at stability with the high rates of company down sizing. Many people are losing their highly paid job and either can’t replace it or have to replace it with a much lower paying job.This is a big problem because couples are not able to make their monthly mortgages and the relationship because very stressful. Many even have to turn to other resources such as government funded programs. Stress like this leads to divorce in some cases. Domestic violence is another big reason couples are getting divorce, because of the no-fault divorce it is more accepted that if you want out of the marriage just go get a divorce. Prior to 1969, countries which permitted divorces also required proof by one party that the other party had committed an act incompatible to the marriage.This was termed â€Å"grounds† for divorce (popularly called â€Å"fault†) and was the only way to terminate a marriage. Most jurisdictions around the world still require such proof of fault. In the United States, no-fault divorce is now available in all 50 states and the a District of Columbia-New York, the last state to still require fault-based divorce, passed a bill this year (2010) permitting no-fau lt divorce.According to Time magazine women are simple happier with out men and father are not necessary. Media has a high impact on the belief that shows like Sex and the City are the new shape of society. Women are financial stabile and don’t need men for financial stability. Family Institution (High Divorce Rates) Have you ever been to a traditional wedding? They are the most beautiful breath taking experience that you have ever seen; many symbols like the exchange of rings, uniting candle, flowers, bride’s maids and best man, and the bride in a beautiful white dress.Also weddings are a lot of fun too. They are the start of a family institution. On the flip side they are expensive and stressful for the couple at hand and the odds of staying together are only one out of every five marriages ended divorced within the first five years. Nowadays unlike the past more people are living together without getting married. According to the Associated Press the divorce rate wa s down to the lowest at 3. 6% (per 1000) since the 1970. The peak of divorce was in 1981 it was 5. 3% (per 1000).Some experts still say that marriages are as unstable as ever, but because couples are living together instead of marrying the rates are lower for marriages too. So it makes sense that the divorce would be down because not as many couples are getting married and living together instead and there is no data that shows at break-up unlike divorce has data. Nowadays, divorce is one of the most serious social problems that American society is currently facing. This is why it is extremely important to find out the main factors contributing to the growth of the divorce rate and possible solutions of the problem.Families are structured through marriage and reproduction is needed to keep the family institutions health and operating in society. There are many causes of divorce, just to name a few: changing woman’s roles, lack of stability, domestic violence, and lack of comm unication, which are highlighted below. Some solutions to these problems are needed because divorce plays a very significant role in the life of society, family and each individual. The first significant cause of recent rise in the rates of divorce is that women completely change in roles.In the past, men had to earn all the money to afford the expense of family, whereas woman only do housework, since women have no money leading to depend on husbands’ money. Because of these situations, it is too difficult for most women to separate from their husbands. Nonetheless, these situations entirely changed nowadays. The equality between men and women in roles are very clear at the moment, thus women can work outside to earn money, while men share the household tasks such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes as well as caring for children.It can be clearly seen that women are independent from money as they can earn money by them to support their living cost. But this as I stated has been huge changes and not always accepted in all marriages. Next let’s look at stability with the high rates of company down sizing. Many people are losing their highly paid job and either can’t replace it or have to replace it with a much lower paying job. This is a big problem because couples are not able to make their monthly mortgages and the relationship because very stressful. Many even have to turn to other resources such as government funded programs.Stress like this leads to divorce in some cases. Domestic violence is another big reason couples are getting divorce, because of the no-fault divorce it is more accepted that if you want out of the marriage just go get a divorce. Prior to 1969, countries which permitted divorces also required proof by one party that the other party had committed an act incompatible to the marriage. This was termed â€Å"grounds† for divorce (popularly called â€Å"fault†) and was the only way to terminate a marriage. Most jurisdictions around the world still require such proof of fault.In the United States, no-fault divorce is now available in all 50 states and the a District of Columbia-New York, the last state to still require fault-based divorce, passed a bill this year (2010) permitting no-fault divorce. According to Time magazine women are simple happier with out men and father are not necessary. Media has a high impact on the belief that shows like Sex and the City are the new shape of society. Women are financial stabile and don’t need men for financial stability.